I use these articles to pass on cool facts and information to you whether you are a pilot or just love aviation too! Boydton, VA How much does helicopter pilot training cost? So, you want to earn a helicopter license but youre not quite sure how to go about it? Completing flight school and earning your pilots license costs $5,100 to $16,100. This will allow you to instruct both in the air and ground school on the category for which you are trained to fly: If you have a Commercial Helicopter Pilot Certificate, you can teach in helicoptersIf you have a Commercial Airplane Pilot Certificate, you can teach in airplanesIf you have Commercial Helicopter & Airplane Pilot Certificates, you can teach in both airplanes and helicopters, To obtain a Certified Flight Instructor Rating you must own a Commercial Pilot Certificate.
The average cost of flying lessons is between $155 and $170 per hour. "Just getting a ballpark for the relative expenses of this career track is useful for planning purposes. "This is material that I wanted!
Helicopter Lessons | Airplane Lessons are More Affordable Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. 24 FEBRUARY 2020 NICHOLAS VAUGHAN Cheapest way to become a helicopter pilot Its not just a pipe-dream for would-be helicopter pilots; students have an option to pass there expensive training at a very low cost, or absolutely free. The Part 141 Commerical Helicopter Pilot training program requires 30 hours of Dual Ground Instruction. However, with helicopters, there is more weight and the learning curve will be slightly steeper because of the fact that you have so many more controls in your hands. That will lead you to taking a job with the school that trained you, or you will go on to being recruited by a partner of them. How do you like to fly a UH-1Y Huey/Venom, a CH-53E Super Stallion, an AH-1Z Super Cobra/Viper, or a tilt-wing MV-22 Osprey? Don't waste time if you want to complete helicopter training school on the cheap, as you can do so by learning to fly in a low cost helicopter. container.appendChild(ins); Students can take there CPL, or the cheapest option, PPL - Private Pilot License. Flight Training, it costs $70,000 to $80,000 for the accelerated program (cash-based payments). Military Pilot Requirements. If you want to make a career of flying helicopters; you can register with a government run recruitment firm who will pay for students helicopter training. Being able to fly by sole reference to the aircrafts instruments allows you to fly in most weather and get from point A to point B when regular pilots would be grounded. This site contains affiliate links to products and services. If you plan on a career flying helicopters for Police, EMS, VIP, or Offshore Oil & Gas then an instrument rating will almost always be required. Although it can seem intimidating, obtaining a helicopter certificate is not as complicated as some people think. Consider attending a college or a university that offers an aviation program. The second cheapest way is to first get your fixed wing license private license and following that transition into rotary aircraft.
Helicopter Licence | Australian Helicopter Pilot School The Part 141 RW CFI training program requires 40 hours of Classroom-Based or One-On-One Ground Instruction to include: Average Ground Instructor Hourly Rate = $45/Hour, FOI Written Examination= Average $150 (Ranged from $125-$175)CFI Written Examination= Average $150 (Ranged from $125-$175)Flight Examination= Average $950 (Flight Examiner Ranged from $400-$600). The cheapest way to get your ATP license - training and checkride in light-twin airplane. It is really a helpful article; with this information I. Approved. Review the practical test standards for either the private pilot rotorcraft or commercial & CFI helicopter depending on which test you will be taking. Once youve aced your check ride, all thats left to do is submit the paperwork to the FAA, and congratulations you will officially be a licensed helicopter pilot. Average Hourly Rate of Robinson IFR R22/IFR Simulator = $350/HourAverage Hourly Rate of Flight Instructor = $45/Hour, FAA Minimum:15 Total:15 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $5,925, Typical Student Average:25 Total:23 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $9,0852 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($350+$45) = $790. One noticeable model you may recognize is the Robinson Helicopter series; that is between the 4-seater R44 or 2-seater R22.
The FAA requirements to become a Helicopter Commercial Pilot Following Part 61 are:14 CFR Part61 Subpart F. Since completing the Private Pilot Certificate, additional hours must be flown (Known as Hour Building). Always base your budgeting on the Typical Student Averages rather than the FAA minimum. 20 of those hours must be instruction and 10 are designated for solo flight time. To become a helicopter pilot the Private Pilot Certificate will cost around $18,000 and up to $28,000 for a Commercial Pilot Certificate. Check out theASA Helicopter Flying Handbook (ASA-8083-21B). It costs $96,995 to become a pilot when starting with no previous experience or $75,995 when starting with a private pilot certificate. Pilots need to distinguish colors in order to understand light-signals when operating a helicopter. Flight training in a helicopter is not cheap and depending on the level of pilot certificate you wish to obtain, the costs can really add up. The helicopter flight school cost in a pilot academy includes a complete set of helicopter training with certifications. Next in line is the primary and advanced flight training, after which, you will subsequently receive a field assignment.
Becoming a Helicopter Pilot: The Complete Cost Breakdown Whether you hire an instructor for your private training or you need additional instructions beyond your school training hours, your instructor rate will be a big factor in the cost of helicopter flying lessons and overall training expenditures. Of course, you cant be accepted automatically as you will have to qualify for the eligibility requirements.
15 Cheapest Helicopters in the World | International Aviation HQ U.S. Navy helicopter pilots fly SH-60 Seahawk helicopters in carrying out their missions. By using our site, you agree to our. This will be fine if your goal is simply to own a helicopter or fly a friend's, but will . Yes, there are a lot of jobs available for pilots who work in helicopters. ou may choose between getting a private license or a commercial license with or without an instrument rating. 1. 30 hours of dual flight instruction, which includes at least: 1x 2 hour day-time cross-country flight with one segment at least 50nm from point of departure, 1x 2 hour night-time cross-country flight with one segment at least 50nm from point of departure, 30 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $10,350, 30 hours Dual Commercial Ground x $45 = $1,575, 40 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $13,800, 3 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($300+$45) = $1035, 30 hours Dual Commercial Ground x $45 = $1,350, 25 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $8,625, 40 hours Dual Instructor Ground x $45 = $1,800, 28 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $9,660, 2 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($300+$45) = $690, 50 hours of Cross-Country Flight as Pilot in Command in helicopters, with at least, 40 hours of simulated instrument flight, with at least, 15 hours dual flight instruction with a helicopter instructor with an instrument rating, of which, 3 Hours must be within the preceding 2 months before the Practical test, A 100 nm flight along airways or ATC routing, to include, 3 different instrument approach types using navigation systems, 15 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $5,925, 40 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $15,800, 10 hours One-On-One Ground Training x $45 = $450, 35 Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $13,825, 35 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $13,825, 30 hours Ground Instruction x $45 = $1,350, Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) Although mostly covered in the CFI Course, Aeronautical IFR Knowledge and IFR Procedures, 15 hours Dual Instructor Ground x $45 = $675, 23 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $9,085, 2 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($350+$45) = $790. If your goal is simply to be able to fly a helicopter for pleasure and personal use, and you have the budget to support this hobby, then a private helicopter license may be the best fit for you. *NOTE: Most flight schools that have dedicated IFR training helicopters and simulators will usually charge out the aircraft at a higher rate to pay for the maintenance and replacement of the additional IFR instrumentation on board. If you are serious about obtaining your helicopter license, its time to start studying the basics of flying a helicopter. 1 Getting Qualified 2 Becoming a Pilot 3 Getting a Job Co-authored by Javier Diaz Last Updated: December 7, 2022 Approved Becoming a civilian helicopter pilot in the United States is an expensive goal, but an achievable one. I hope one day I may turn myself from, "This article helped me with everything I needed to know. 10 hours of solo flight or acting PIC with an instructor on board to include: 1 cross-country flight with one segment at least 50nm with 3 separate landings, 5 hours of night VFR in an airport traffic pattern with 10 take-offs & landings, 3 hours of dual instruction within the preceding 2 months of the Practical Flight Test, 20 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $6,900, 3 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($300+$45) = $1,035, 35 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $12,075, 5 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($300+$45) = $1,725. This is a medical examination by an FAA-approved medical examiner and I HIGHLY RECOMMEND that you obtain the medical certificate for the pilot license sought BEFORE you being flight training. The amount you will have to spend on the helicopter license fees to be rated as Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) ranges from $38,000 to as high as around $80,000. Most students will require around $200 extras that can consist of: Learn MoreTry These Articles:* Skills Needed To Become a Pilot? Your first solo flight is a milestone of your training. Both prices include the flight training and certification necessary to become a commercial pilot with flight instructor certificates. Fixed wing aircraft used in prim. I used to teach group ground for commercial and instructor certificates and it was $10/hour cheaper. For a full career training program with a Flight Instructor Certificate expect to pay around $85,000 plus any costs of accommodation, food, and travel expenses. Helicopter Pilot Careers: 20 Jobs a Pilot Can Do? If you enjoy your gliding introductory course, then the next opportunity to continue learning to fly through gliding will be through a gliding scholarship. It is during this time that they will also prepare you for the written or knowledge exam, as well as familiarize you with all of the available maneuvers in the helicopter. Recruitment firms are not your basic job site service; its more involved firms who operate a helicopter fleet nationwide - for the air ambulance, police or similar government run service. Once you've gained 40 hours of flying experience, take your exams to obtain your private license. However, if you wish to go down this route as to save money, but ditch the firm once qualified, think again. You may also opt to become a Certified Flight Instructor. Enjoy! Copyright 2023 Flying Media. It is a structured program designed to efficiently move the student through training. var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); Flying is a very sensitive and risky endeavor, and you may want to make sure you know everything before you are allowed to take charge. Learning to fly a helicopter is much more challenging than fixed wing. This is a very structured program for becoming a CFI and will follow an FAA-approved flight and ground training syllabus. Use this bar to show information about your cookie policy. Most students will require around $300 extras that can consist of: To Achieve a Part 61 Commercial Helicopter Pilot Certificate with NO Instrument Rating:Private Pilot Training = $22,560+ Solo Hour Building = $12,000+ Commercial Pilot Training = $19,390Total Cost for Part 61 CPL(H) = $53,950, To Achieve a Part 61 Commercial Helicopter Pilot Certificate WITH an Instrument Rating:Private Pilot Training = $22,560+ Instrument Rating = $17,750+ Commercial Pilot Training = $19,390Total Cost for Part 61 CPL(H) = $59,700, The FAA requirements to become a Helicopter Commercial Pilot Following Part 141 are: 14 CFR Part141 Appendix D, Solo Hour Building between Completing a PPL and starting the CPL training= 15 Hours x $300/hour = $4,500, If an Instrument Rating is to be added, most students will complete this AFTER completing their Commercial Pilot Certificate Training as there is not enough time between Private and Commercial.Part 141 Instrument Rating = 35 Hours x $395/hour = $16,675. Want to learn more? You have to be on active duty and not just in the Army Reserve. Little maintenance goes into the R22 so that helps toy keep costs down.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'helodays_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_6',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-helodays_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); That is on top of the $145.00 cost per hour to fly the machine, which is relatively small compared to his big brother, the R66 at $371.00 per hour. With the right instructor and the proper amount of training, anybody can obtain a license to fly a helicopter within a reasonable amount of time. And this fact drives away aspiring helicopter pilots and they find another career. It has to be said though, cheap to run helicopters are not the most attractive machines to fly, but that is sure made up with low running costs. A Private Pilot License (PPL) will cost around $10,000, depending on a significant number of factors. Budget between $38,000 and $70,000 for your CFI rating. Do you love flying but want it to be more personal than piloting a commercial airplane? We use cookies to make wikiHow great.
How to Earn Commercial Pilot License (CPL) The training can be tailored to suit the student and does not have any stage checks or time requirements to complete the training. container.style.maxHeight = container.style.minHeight + 'px'; ins.dataset.adClient = pid; With experienced instructors and state-of-the-art training facilities, we will guide you every step of the way as you learn the skills and knowledge necessary to become a competent and confident helicopter pilot. Huge advantage of learning to fly in the military worldwide is students get to train, before going onto pilot military helicopters. On the other hand, a private license only requires 40 hours. Before you can schedule an appointment with an examiner, you must obtain a current and valid medical certificate. To be eligible to earn a private helicopter pilot license, you must: For a commercial helicopter pilot license, you must: If you are already a licensed fixed-wing pilot, you can of course skip this step. A Flight Instructors Perspective* Helicopter Pilot Careers: 20 Jobs a Pilot Can Do? ", Uber driver to Uber pilot. :)". There are additional aerodynamic principles to master, and controls like the cyclic and collective to manipulate. The Part 141 Instrument training program requires 30 hours of compulsory ground training from an Instructor. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Why? Nervous about the oral exam? . Most students will also purchase a Home-Based Theory study material for the Instrument Rating. Thanks for explaining step by step i have a question please. Pick up a Helicopter Pilot Oral Exam Guide to help you prepare. In general, expect to spend between $12,000 and $16,000 for a private helicopter license. Joining the military is one of the cheapest ways to learn to fly. In general, expect to pay an hourly rental rate for the aircraft and for the instructor's time in the air and on the ground. The FAA requires the applicant for a Part 141 Commercial Helicopter Pilot Certificate to have gained 115 hours of total flight time before applying for the Commercial Flight Test. Average Ground Instructor Hourly Rate = $45/Hour Average Instrument Rating DVD/Online Training Course = From $200, Written Examination= Average $150 (Ranged from $140-$175)Flight Examination= Average $950 (Flight Examiner Ranged from $400-$600) + 1.5 Hours Robinson R22/Simulator Rental. Some helicopter pilots want to be licensed to teach and train new pilots. The average cost of getting a helicopter license ranges from $14,600 to over $50,000, depending on which school you train at and whether it's toward earning your private or commercial helicopter pilot license.
flight training - What does it cost to get an ATP certificate from Medical certificate costs between $100 and $200. If you are worried about being disqualified for any of these conditions, talk to an FAA approved medical examiner about your concerns. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. Dual flight time happens when you are flying the helicopter accompanied by your instructor.
How Much Does it Cost to Become a Pilot? As a small thank you, wed like to offer you a $30 gift card (valid at GoNift.com). To be admitted, you will need to have passed your medical examination. Cheapest way to become a helicopter pilot, costs associated with helicopter training. Costs associated with CPL is much higher than taking it privately; but it will entitle you to apply for a job with any helicopter firm - providing you have a enough flying hours. It may not sound a lot but it all helps reduce that final total. That options is only made available for those you who want to go down the route of qualifying for there PPL(H). How Much Would It Cost To Buy A Hot Air Balloon. Register your interest for a scholarship - or why not consider joining the military. (Supplied: Lloyd Greenfield)It took Josh Mesilane 32 hours and $5,760 to get his certificate. If you are making the transition from fixed wing to rotor, you will have a head start on some of the aviation basics, but there will be many skills that wont translate and which you will have to re-learn. You will need a rotorcraft instrument rating in order to fly in low weather conditions. Upon completion of 40 hours of ground school, you must pass the FAA written knowledge test. Before you can even become a helicopter pilot there are a few minimum requirements that you must meet. ins.style.width = '100%'; Do you already hold a fixed wing licence? Make sure you meet the minimum eligibility requirements. NOTE: Unless the student comes with previous instrument training time from a fixed-wing all the instrument time for the rating will be conducted as Dual Instruction either in a simulator or in the actual aircraft. You will not begin flying solo until your flight instructor thinks you are ready. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. The FAA requirements to become a Helicopter Certified Flight Instructor Instruments Following Part 141 are: The FAA requires the applicant for a Part 141 Certified Flight Instructor Instruments Rating to have gained a Helicopter Commercial Pilot Certificate AND a Helicopter Certified Flight Instructor Certificate. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 339,192 times. You must also have a student pilot certificate to fly solo in advance of obtaining your private pilot certificate. To become a helicopter pilot the Private Pilot Certificate will cost around $18,000 and up to $28,000 for a Commercial Pilot Certificate. You can find a flying school by consulting the Federal Aviation Authority's website. This article was co-authored by Javier Diaz. Just like the Commercial Pilot training, the Instrument Rating can be taught under both Part 61 and Part 141 depending on the schools accreditation. Not much bigger than the R22, the Robinson should be, and will be your second go-to helicopter for keeping the helicopter training costs within budget. How to get a helicopter pilot's license (step by step) Now that we've gone over some of the most common questions about a helicopter license, here's your step-by-step guide on how to acquire one. Just learn the helicopter-specific knowledge and move on to flight training. The basic skills required to fly a helicopter are similar to those of flying a plane.
Cheapest way to become a helicopter pilot - Helo Days Learning to fly a helicopter is one of the most challenging things you can do.
When to Buy Airplane Tickets: Best Times to Book Summer Flights Despite this, compared to most other helicopters, the AS350 is still one of the cheapest helicopters! Just be sure to NEVER pay too much upfront. Receive coupons and special promotions! Helicopter training schools are sure to have a fleet of these types of choppers in there ownership, but have an option to bring one in if requested by you. Therefore, its best to approach learning to fly a helicopter as an exciting challenge. Once completed, you will be required to finish the six-week course on air indoctrination. But rest assured, regardless of the helicopter training school you sign up with; they're sure to have a number of these pistol powered models in there fleet. The cost of getting the 'license' to fly a helicopter range widely depending on a variety of factors, but it is not uncommon for the cost to be in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. Getting Your Commercial Pilot License Here are the steps you need to follow to become a commercial pilot: Make sure you meet the eligibility requirements Get your medical certificate (second-class, at least) Enroll in a pilot school or start flying with a flight instructor We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. If you want to fly an airplane for fun, you can get your Private Pilot license for around $15,000 - $20,000. That way, you can get your associate's or bachelor's degree at the same time that you obtain your helicopter licenses. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'helodays_com-leader-3','ezslot_15',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-helodays_com-leader-3-0');However, PPL does not permit you to pilot a helicopter as a career, to which you will need to qualify with a CPL - or Commercial Pilot License (H). Prospective rotorcraft students whose first language is not English must pass the TOEFL exam. The FAA requires the applicant for a Part 61 Instrument Rating to have gained the following: Average Hourly Rate of an IFR Robinson R22 Helicopter/approved IFR Simulator = $350/Hour*Average Hourly Rate of Flight Instructor = $45/Hour. You can also study with books and study guides: look for guides written specifically for pilots. Midwest Aeronautical Helicopter Services explains that fixed-wing pilots with at least 65 hours of pilot-in-command time can get a helicopter Commercial Pilot "Add-On" rating, which is much. Please keep in mind that you are at high risk of losing a hefty investment on all the training expenses if you fail the medical and psychological examinations. ins.dataset.adChannel = cid; Commercial Pilot Aeroplane: 70 hours for a CPL (H) and 30 hours for a PPL (H). Gliding is probably the cheapest and purest way of learning to fly. Originally, the AS350/H125 was designed for military and police operators exclusively, mostly in search and rescue, VIP transport and trainer roles. They will direct you toward the right materials to study that fit within their syllabus. September 7, 2022 How can a Private Pilot get the 250 total flight hours required to qualify for their Commercial? To be eligible to earn a private helicopter pilot license, you must: Be at least 17 . In the army, you will be flying CH-47 Chinook, OH-58 Kiowa, UH-60 Black Hawk, and AH-64 Apache helicopters. Most students will require around $500 of extras that can consist of: On average, it takes a student around 150 hours and $19,000 to gain their Part 61 Commercial helicopter pilot certificate or 115 hours and $20,000 to gain their Part 141 Commercial helicopter pilot certificate. Well, its a grant given to a students helicopter training - at no cost to you. How Long Does It Take To Become A Helicopter Pilot?
How Much Does It Cost to Become a Pilot? - Pilot Institute To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Helicopter pilots are needed in worldwide militaries but for you to qualify; you'll have to go through basic training like any foot soldier. Average Instrument Rating DVD/Online Training Course = From $200, See the Recommendations section for a great computer-based IFR training course, Written Examination= Average $150 (Ranged from $140-$175)Flight Examination= Average $950 (Flight Examiner Ranged from $400-$600) + 1.5 Hours Robinson IFR R22/Simulator Rental, The FAA requirements to obtain a Part 141 Instrument Rating are:14 CFR Part141 Appendix C. The FAA requires the applicant for a Part 141 Instrument Rating to have gained the following: Average Hourly Rate of an IFR Robinson R22 Helicopter/approved IFR Simulator = $350/HourAverage Hourly Rate of Flight Instructor = $45/Hour, FAA Minimum:35 Total:35 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $13,825, Student Average:35 Total:35 hours Dual Instruction x ($350+$45) = $13,825. Expect to study aerodynamics of flight, helicopter flight controls and systems, weight and balance, flight maneuvers, emergencies, etc. Some schools may offer the ability to block book helicopter rental and give a discounted price. The general, airframe, and powerplant. For a full career training program with a Flight Instructor Certificate expect to pay around $85,000 plus any costs of accommodation, food, and travel expenses. Its not just a pipe-dream for would-be helicopter pilots; students have an option to pass there expensive training at a very low cost, or absolutely free. Schools have been known to take huge sums of money from students then suddenly close their doors with a complete loss to the students! Then, work on simulators before moving on to flying a helicopter so you can build up your flying hours. It is difficult to give a definitive time frame for how long it will take you to get a helicopter certificate. To obtain an Instrument Rating you must own a Private Pilot Certificate or a Commercial Pilot Certificate. There are few scholarships available for students of rotorcraft. I'm an ATP rated helicopter pilot & former flight instructor with over 3500 hours spanning 3 countries and many different flying jobs. A helicopter license costs $10,000 to $15,000 for a private pilot certificate and an additional $18,000 to $20,000 for a commercial pilot license. ", will keep on following my dream to become an airline pilot. Because the program follows the approved syllabus. Simply ensure that your medical certificate is current and valid. lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true });To become a helicopter pilot on the cheap, students can train in a cheap to run and maintain Guimbal, Robinson R22 or R44. One of the cheapest to buy, so therefore cheapest to operate; the R22 is light, agile little twin seater helicopter that is chosen for low costs. The Part 141 Commercial Helicopter Pilot Certificate Training Program Consists of: FAA Minimum:115 Total:30 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $10,35010 hours Solo x $300 = $30003 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($300+$45) = $1,035, Typical Student Average:130 Total:40 hours Dual Instruction x ($300+$45) = $13,80010 hours Solo x $300 = $30003 hours Dual Flight Test Prep x ($300+$45) = $1,035. If you wish to fly a helicopter for pleasure, or for part of your business then a PPL is the best certificate to choose. Once qualified, you will be required to undergo 17 weeks of training at an Officer Candidate School. Find an FAA approved medical examiner on the FAA website. ", Thank you a lot for giving this information! If you want to know more about me, just click on my picture!
Pilot License Cost CHEAPEST And FASTEST Way To Get Your Private Pilot License Spending lots of money on hours of flight training to then only be denied a medical certificate because of an unknown health condition is not only heartbreaking but wastes money! Your instructor has already signed off on your practical skills, so you should be ready for that portion. The FAA requirements to become a Helicopter Certified Flight Instructor Following Part 141 are: The FAA requires the applicant for a Part 141 Certified Flight Instructor Certificate to have gained a Commercial RW Certificate or an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate RW.
What Tape To Use For Tape In Hair Extensions,
National Village Floor Plans,
Secondary Public Offering List,
The Mccall Pattern Company,
Mason Pearson Travel Case,
Articles C