"[97]:326 Kennedy had not anticipated Dim's murder. [268][269] American bases were ringed by bars and brothels. Viet Cong attacks against static US positions accounted for 30% of all engagements, VC/PAVN ambushes and encirclements for 23%, American ambushes against Viet Cong/PAVN forces for 9%, and American forces attacking Viet Cong emplacements for only 5% of all engagements. In 1980 Richard set out to determine the unit of assignment for each Army soldier who died in Vietnam. Calculating U.S. Discontent with Dim's policies exploded in May 1963 following the Hu Pht n shootings of nine unarmed Buddhists protesting against the ban on displaying the Buddhist flag on Vesak, the Buddha's birthday. "[100]:575 An estimated 200,000 to 400,000 Vietnamese boat people died at sea, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. L c Th and Henry Kissinger, along with the PRG Foreign Minister Nguyn Th Bnh and a reluctant President Thiu, signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973. At the same time, Hanoi realized it could not achieve a "total victory" and employed a strategy known as "talking while fighting, fighting while talking", in which military offensives would occur concurrently with negotiations. He was determined to "draw a line in the sand" and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. "[85]:368 The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation, and demonstrated the limitations of U.S. military abilities in achieving political goals. [326] According to Dale Kueter, "Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races. According to a native observer, 443,360 people had to register for a period in re-education camps in Saigon alone, and while some of them were released after a few days, others stayed there for more than a decade. South Korean forces were also accused of war crimes. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian Federation officials acknowledged that the USSR had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war. [214][40]:683 Gerald Ford took over as U.S. president on 9 August 1974 after the resignation of President Nixon, and Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $1billion a year to $700million. The Cambodians under both the pro-China King Sihanouk and the pro-American Lon Nol supported their fellow co-ethnic Khmer Krom in South Vietnam, following an anti-ethnic Vietnamese policy. [40]:227, The National Security Council recommended a three-stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam. Forces Ambushes Moving VC/PAVN Units. 4, pp. Casualty Category Number of Records Killed in action 40,934 Died of wounds 5,299 Accident 9,107 Declared dead 1,201 Illness 938 Self-inflicted 382 Homicide 236 Presumed Dead (Body remains not recovered) 91 Presumed Dead (Body was recovered) 32 More Data During the Vietnam War, there were hardly any females placed on active duty. [79] [80] [81] [98], Unexploded ordnance continue to detonate and kill people today. [62] Across all three wars including the First Indochina War and the Third Indochina War there was a total of 1,146,250 PAVN/VC confirmed military deaths, included 939,460 with bodies recovered and 207,000 with the bodies unfound. "[226]:10, The Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action, persisted for many years after the war's conclusion. This should return a list of everyone with that particular name. As a result, by the war's completion in 1975, black casualties had declined to 12.5% of US combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft-eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10% who served in the military. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Dim's honor in New York City. In 2002, an early version of the Coffelt Database was deeded to the National Archives, which made it available on-line as a searchable database. He estimated that victims of democide (deliberate killing of civilians) included 214,000 by North Vietnam/VC and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies. The AC-130 was a heavily armed ground-attack aircraft variant of the C-130 Hercules transport plane, while the Huey is a military helicopter powered by a single, turboshaft engine; approximately 7,000 UH-1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam. Increasingly, each new regime was viewed by the communists as a puppet of the Americans; whatever the failings of Dim, his credentials as a nationalist (as Robert McNamara later reflected) had been impeccable. [40]:486 His escalation of the war in Vietnam divided Americans into warring camps, cost 30,000 American lives by that point and was regarded to have destroyed his presidency. -AS OF MARCH 31, 1997-Since 1997 93 names have been added to the memorial that are not show in the stats below. [97]:670672. The U.S. estimated more than 100,000 PAVN killed in the offensive. Booming as Memories of Vietnam Fade", "General Won't Punish G.I. Various names have been applied to the conflict. [32] and studies have shown higher rates of casualties, health effects, and next-generation birth defects in Vietnamese peoples. (The estimates for 195564 are much higher than other estimates). Hanoi took advantage of the situation and increased its support for the guerrillas. President Dim was overthrown and executed, along with his brother, on 2 November 1963. "[171][172], During the first month of the offensive, 1,100 Americans and other allied troops, 2,100 ARVN and 14,000 civilians were killed. We begin with a damning new investigation by The Intercept on the secret U.S. bombing of Cambodia that killed as many as 150,000 civilians, that Kissinger authorized during the U.S. War in Vietnam . [283], The US service rifle was initially the M14. [185][186], In September 1969, Ho Chi Minh died, aged seventy-nine. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. [87]:260. The study came up with a most likely Vietnamese death toll of 882,000, which included 655,000 adult males (above 15 years of age), 143,000 adult females, and 84,000 children. The United States has spent over $65 million since 1998 as part of unexploded ordnance clearing operations. President Ronald Reagan coined the term "Vietnam Syndrome" to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further military interventions abroad after Vietnam. [69] It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. On 15 March 1973, Nixon implied the US would intervene again militarily if the North launched a full offensive, and Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger re-affirmed this position during his June 1973 confirmation hearings. Corrections? [211] Thieu had ordered air assault troops to capture Tchepone and withdraw, despite facing four-times larger numbers. On 23 September 1945, French forces overthrew the DRV government, and declared French authority restored. [97]:327 Kennedy wrote Lodge a letter congratulating him for "a fine job". [156], The American buildup transformed the South Vietnamese economy and had a profound effect on society. "[85]:367, Vietnam was a major political issue during the United States presidential election in 1968. Commander George L. Jackson said, "In response to this criticism, the Department of Defense took steps to readjust force levels in order to achieve an equitable proportion and employment of Negroes in Vietnam." As South Vietnam was formally part of a military alliance with the US, Australia, New Zealand, France, the UK, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines, the alliance was invoked during the war. [346] A detailed demographic study calculated 791,0001,141,000 war-related deaths during the war for all of Vietnam, for both military and civilians. Living in a male-dominated environment created tensions between the sexes. The identities of the leaders of the organization often were kept secret. He argued that with two months of good weather remaining until the onset of the monsoon, it would be irresponsible to not take advantage of the situation. There had also been reports of Catholic paramilitaries demolishing Buddhist pagodas throughout Dim's rule. The vision of VVMF is to ensure a society in which all who have served and sacrificed in our nation's Armed Forces are properly honored and receive the recognition they justly deserve. [97]:340 Lodge, frustrated by the end of the year, cabled home about Minh: "Will he be strong enough to get on top of things?" [89], The total number of casualties, both KIA and non-hostile deaths, for drafted and volunteer service personnel (figures are approximated):[90], During the Vietnam War, 30% of wounded service members died of their wounds. [96] The northern, mainly Catholic refugees gave the later Ng nh Dim regime a strong anti-communist constituency. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. Most arms were captured from poorly defended ARVN militia outposts. [160]:153156 Despite the continual conductance of major operations, which the Viet Cong and PAVN would typically evade, the war was characterised by smaller-unit contacts or engagements. North Vietnamese and Viet Cong/PRG victory, Total military dead/missing:1,100,000Total military wounded:604,200(excluding GRUNK/Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao). [37] However, the figures do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers. The wide disparity among the estimates cited below is partially explained by the different time periods of the Vietnam War covered by the studies and whether casualties in Cambodia and Laos were included in the estimates. 7.1K views What was the Vietnam War? [124]:201206 During the battle the South Vietnamese had lost 83 soldiers and 5 US war helicopters serving to ferry ARVN troops that had been shot down by Vietcong forces, while the Vietcong forces had lost only 18 soldiers. Education Find primary sources and activities for teaching about the Vietnam War on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives. It was formed in Memot, Cambodia, and directed through COSVN. [320] It was stated that war-spending could have paid off every mortgage in the US at that time, with money leftover. Please direct all other inquiries to militaryfactory AT gmail.com. Only five high-ranking congressional officials were informed of Operation Menu. [25][30], 18.2 million gallons of Agent Orange, some of which was contaminated with Dioxin, was sprayed by the U.S. military over more than 10% of Southern Vietnam[31] as part of the U.S. herbicidal warfare program Operation Ranch Hand during the Vietnam War, from 1961 to 1971. The Viet Cong was now tasked with destroying the ARVN and capturing and holding areas; however, the Viet Cong was not yet strong enough to assault major towns and cities. [85]:353 Westmoreland outlined a three-point plan to win the war: The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas. [249]:77 During their visit to the Con Son Prison in 1970, U.S. congressmen Augustus F. Hawkins and William R. Anderson witnessed detainees either confined in minute "tiger cages" or chained to their cells, and provided with poor-quality food. Vietnam War casualties - Wikipedia [62], According to American writer Joseph Babcock, the Vietnamese government estimated 300,000 PAVN/VC missing-in-action (MIA) in 2019, but that the real number of MIA is widely believed to be closer to 500,000 people, whose bodies were either never found or buried anonymously and never identified. [152] With this recommendation, Westmoreland was advocating an aggressive departure from America's defensive posture and the sidelining of the South Vietnamese. By 1960, the land reform process had stalled because many of Diem's biggest supporters were large land owners. The U.S. incursion into Cambodia sparked nationwide U.S. protests as Nixon had promised to deescalate the American involvement. Updates? [174][175] By then it had become the bloodiest year of the war up to that point. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2. The group was ultimately defeated in April following a battle in Saigon. [11][12][13][14] It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel in many instances as many individuals were part-time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms. [150]:94, On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were landed near Da Nang, South Vietnam. [105], From April to June 1955, Dim eliminated any political opposition in the south by launching military operations against two religious groups: the Cao i and Ha Ho of Ba Ct. Journalism in the ensuing years has documented other overlooked and uninvestigated war crimes involving every army division that was active in Vietnam,[239] including the atrocities committed by Tiger Force. In total, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450million. [37][38] The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, How to File a FOIA Request for Archival Records. [75]:98 The Viet Minh left roughly 5,000 to 10,000 cadres in the south as a base for future insurgency. Commitment of U.S. (and other allies) forces necessary to halt the losing trend by the end of 1965. [24]:76 President Dwight D. Eisenhower made American participation contingent on British support, but the British were opposed. In . Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. The indigenous forces numbered in the tens of thousands and they conducted direct action missions, led by paramilitary officers, against the Communist Pathet Lao forces and their North Vietnamese supporters. According to the Vietnamese government, ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended. [62] These do not include the estimated 300,000500,000 PAVN/VC missing in action. Marine Corps general Victor H. Krulak heavily criticised Westmoreland's attrition strategy, calling it "wasteful of American lives with small likelihood of a successful outcome. [40]:96[93] This followed an American psychological warfare campaign, designed by Edward Lansdale for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which exaggerated anti-Catholic sentiment among the Viet Minh and which falsely claimed the US was about to drop atomic bombs on Hanoi. [239] The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed; seventy eight further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted; and 141 cases of U.S. soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war with fists, sticks, bats, water or electric shock. [citation needed] However, heightened oil prices meant that many of these assets could not be adequately leveraged. South Vietnam entered a period of extreme political instability, as one military government toppled another in quick succession. "[324] Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II, but ended in 1973. Vietnam War Casualties (1955-1975) Breakdown of the American casualties recorded in the Vietnam War by age, state, religion, branch of service. Viet Minh 500,000 killed (est.) 32(1). [95] Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. The program killed 26,369 to 41,000 people, with an unknown number being innocent civilians. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. Vietnam War Casualty List 14 Comments / Military, America, Genealogy / database, TOC The National Archives and Records Administration prepared these Vietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). This group was made up almost entirely of either working-class or rural youth. [91] Around 3035% of American deaths in the war were non-combat or friendly fire deaths; the largest causes of death in the U.S. armed forces were small arms fire (31.8%), booby traps including mines and frags (27.4%), and aircraft crashes (14.7%). What's Happening? Search The Official Wall Database of info on the internet . [97]:224 Three days later, he declared South Vietnam to be an independent state under the name Republic of Vietnam (ROV), with himself as president. As resistance in Hu collapsed, PAVN rockets rained down on Da Nang and its airport. To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 1829 December 1972. [337] Meta-analyses of the most current studies on the association between Agent Orange and birth defects have found a statistically significant correlation such that having a parent who was exposed to Agent Orange at any point in their life will increase one's likelihood of either possessing or acting as a genetic carrier of birth defects. We do not sell any of the items showcased on this site. [18], R. J. Rummel estimated that PAVN/VC forces killed around 164,000 civilians in democide between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam, from a range of between 106,000 and 227,000, plus another 50,000 killed in North Vietnam. The Wall), Center for Electronic Records, National Archives, Washington, DC, Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, referendum on the future of the State of Vietnam, Arrest and assassination of Ng nh Dim, Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup, Role of the United States in the Vietnam War John F. 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Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial", "Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 19541960", The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later, Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002, "China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam", "The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations", "Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 196073", "Australia's Vietnam War A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War", "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate", "Chuyn 4 CNG TC TM KIM, QUY TP HI CT LIT S T NAY N NM 2020 V NHNG NM TIP THEO", "Cng tc tm kim, quy tp hi ct lit s t nay n nm 2020 v nhng nn tip theo", "Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs", "North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Table 6.1A. All written content, illustrations, and photography are unique to this website (unless where indicated) and not for reuse/reproduction in any form. Tet Offensive | Facts, Casualties, Videos, & Significance [19], Other casualties for the ARVN included up to 1,170,000 military wounded,[59] and 1,000,000 surrendered or captured. Her diaries were later published in Vietnam as ng Thy Trm's Diary (Last Night I Dreamed of Peace), where it became a best-seller and was later made into a film Don't Burn (ng t). [332] And behind the scenes Secretary of Defense McNamara wrote in a memo to President Johnson his doubts about the war: "The picture of the world's greatest superpower killing or seriously injuring 1,000 noncombatants a week, while trying to pound a tiny backward nation into submission on an issue whose merits are hotly disputed, is not a pretty one. The ARVN proved incapable of resisting the onslaught, and its forces collapsed on 11 March. $160billion adjusted for inflation in 2022) during the Vietnam War;[23] included in that aid were donations of 5million tons of food to North Vietnam (equivalent to North Vietnamese food production in a single year), accounting for 1015% of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s. The first two names listed on Panel 1, East Wall, at the apex are from July 8, 1959. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the south from 1961 to 1963. Including 28 civilians, originally there were 52 missing civilians. A war casualty is a military person who is killed, wounded, imprisoned, or missing as a result of war; or a non-military person killed or wounded ( civilian casualties ). As broad-based opposition to his harsh tactics mounted, Dim increasingly sought to blame the communists. [307][308] In Laos, 80million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country. U.S. officials began discussing the possibility of a regime change during the middle of 1963. The top-secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, commissioned by the Department of Defense, detailed a long series of public deceptions on the part of the U.S. government.
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