International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 21, 3952. India is also experiencing economic transformation, with increased poultry demand, fuelling expanded maize production (Hellin et al., 2015). Spread and impact of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. ISAAA, Ithaca, NY. Specialty maize is suitable for specific end uses but implies the need to maintain product stewardship during production, supply, and distribution chains (Scott et al., 2019). Bundling innovative risk management technologies to accelerate agricultural growth and improve nutrition. Mex-Ver Km. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. (1998). For one, the focus is on rainfed maize, and irrigation provides new opportunities to alleviate water stress and achieve substantial yields (e.g. In terms of human food, maize use varies from a seasonal vegetable such as green maize (kernels on the cob; Hellin et al., 2011; with 1.1Mha harvested annually, TE2019FAOStat, 2021) to an array of manufactured foods (snacks, ingredients) to being the main staple food. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811971-6.00003-6, Cairns, J., Hellin, J., Sonder, K., Araus, J., MacRobert, J., Thierfelder, C., & Prasanna, B. M. (2013). Food consumption of maize grain contributes 5% of the total human dietary calories and proteins globally (direct food pathway, processed or unprocessedTable 5). Quality Protein Maize: Progress and Prospects. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-013-9566-z, Kennett, D. J., Prufer, K. M., Culleton, B. J., George, R. J., Robinson, M., Trask, W. R., Buckley, G. M., Moes, E., Kate, E. J., Harper, T. K., ODonnell, L., Ray, E. E., Hill, E. C., Alsgaard, A., Merriman, C., Meredith, C., Edgar, H. J. H., Awe, J. J., & Gutierrez, S. M. (2020). The USA and China dominate maize production, with varying contributions from other geographies. Maize production systems in geographies where the human food pathway prevails tend to be relatively extensive with relatively low input use and yields. Using raster calculator in ArcMap 10.8.1 from this food energy grid losses in production and post-harvest were subtracted (using regional values according to Gustavsson et al., 2011). 615631. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. Suite 810 Arlington, VA 22201, USA, T: (703) 524-0810 | F: (703) 524-1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.016, Martinez, E. L., & Fernandez, F. J. Over the last quarter century, maize production more than doubled (+118% over TE1995) supported by both substantive yield increases (+50%) and area expansion (+46%). Gulati, A., & Fan, S. (2007). Quality Protein Maize for Africa: Closing the Protein Inadequacy Gap in Vulnerable Populations. Subsequently calorie allocation fractions for human food use were applied on country basis, subtracting maize used for feed and other non-food purposes based on FAOStat (2021). Top net-importers include Japan, Mexico, Korea, Vietnam and Spain; each importing 915M t/year (TE2019, Table 6). In the early 1960s they together accounted for a similar share (54% TE1963), although Chinas relative contribution has seen a huge surge (with a 14-fold increase of production, whereas USA increased nearly fourfold). more widespread in eastern and southern Africa with its more developed seed sectors compared to the prevalence of OPVs in West-Central Africa (Krishna et al., 2021; Langyintuo et al., 2010). Food Reviews International, 35, 609639. ), Advances in cereal science: implications to food processing and health promotion. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0992-0, Brouwer, I. D., McDermott, J., & Ruben, R. (2020). Water, 12, 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102696, Miller, J. D. (2008). In addition, the maize plant is also variously used as feed including in its green form as green forage and for silage (Heuz et al., 2017a, 2017b). Various food technologies are currently used for processing industrially produced maize flours and corn meals in different parts of the world to obtain precooked refined maize flour, dehydrated nixtamalized flour, fermented maize flours, and other maize products. Global Food Security, 25, 100327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100327, Tesfaye, K., Gbegbelegbe, S., Cairns, J. E., Shiferaw, B., Prasanna, B. M., Sonder, K., Boote, K., Makumbi, D., & Robertson, R. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1794489, Ngoma, H., Pelletier, J., Mulenga, B. P., & Subakanya, M. (2021). Impacts of CIMMYT maize breeding research. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 18, 151163. Since 2016, maize crops in over 40 countries in Africa have been adversely impacted by the invasion of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Prasanna et al., 2018; De Groote et al., 2020; Kassie et al., 2020). Economic impacts of fall armyworm and its management strategies: Evidence from southern Ethiopia. Where reference is made to maize harvested green for forage/silage or for food (cobs) this will be explicitly mentioned. In Kenya, about 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and over 30% of the Step 2: Conditioning. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkr016, Wu, F., & Guclu, H. (2012). The equitable transformation of agri-food systems thus calls for an enabling environment for accelerated, affordable and inclusive access and use of improved technologies and the associated strengthening of maize input and output value chains and markets across food and feed uses and support services and policies. At the same time, these production systems often exhibit slow growth and risk aversion and are low input-low output. The maize-distilling process has long been used by the distilling industry for the production of beverage alcohol (Loy & Lundy, 2019). That's why the maize collected by LACADE is dealt with immediately after harvesting it. Even though we focus on a single, albeit major, commodity, the current paper can only provide a broad-brush appraisal and illustrates the complexity and the challenge of deriving high level R&D implications. ), Corn (Third Edition). Opportunities exist to further improve the feed value of maize in its various feed uses, including the use of maize grain, maize by-products and forage/silage. Studies also highlight the possibility of climate-induced variabilities and extremes affecting maize production especially in the tropics (Jones & Thornton, 2003). At the global level, maize (dry grain) is primarily used as feed (56% of production), a fifth for non-food uses, and 13% for food (Table 3). https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2020.2599, Kassie, M., Wossen, T., De Groote, H., Tefera, T., Sevgan, S., & Balew, S. (2020). Journal of Food Products Marketing, 26, 564579. Food Security, 5, 345360. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1312, 105112. FAO, Rome. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00094-7, Prasanna, B. M., Cairns, J. E., Zaidi, P. H., Beyene, Y., Makumbi, D., Gowda, M., Magorokosho, C., Zaman-Allah, M., Olsen, M., Das, A., Worku, M., Gethi, J., Vivek, B. S., Nair, S. K., Rashid, Z., Vinayan, M. T., Issa, A. At face value these use categories underestimate the contribution of maize to human food/nutrition. Global Maize Trade and Food Security: Implications from a Social Network Model. Maize silage. The manufacturing process is simple. PLoS Biology, 18, e3000949. Weather and Climate Extremes, 56, 6777. Since 1961, the global maize area under maize production nearly doubled, up from 106Mha (TE1963) to the current 197Mha (+87%), with an acceleration of area expansion since the early 2000s (Fig. On average, the daily protein intake per capita from maize as food was 3.8g of the daily protein intake (82.5g, and 12% of the proteins provided by cereals, 32.4g). Enhanced understanding of consumer behaviour, particularly among vulnerable groups and in different cultures, can provide further insights in addressing the triple burden of malnutrition and the role of maize therein (Poole et al., 2021). Maize: A paramount staple crop in the context of global nutrition. PubMed Maize is a versatile crop that can be grown in diverse environmental conditions and has multiple uses. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Ongoing population growth and increasingly limited prospects for area expansion highlight the urgency of making real progress on sustainable intensification of maize-based systems in much of the Global South. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w2698e/w2698e00.htm, FAO, Ifad, UNICEF, WFP, WHO,. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228860903517770, Erenstein, O., Chamberlin, J., & Sonder, K. (2021). The twentieth century saw the development and commercialization of the hybrid maize technology, originally in the USA and then spreading across the world to Latin America, Asia, Europe, and Africa (Byerlee, 2020). The Lancet Global Health, 8, e59e66. Roff offers a range of optional extras that improve capacity and quality and can be added quickly and conveniently as the need arises. Maize also shows marked yield differences between regions. Vested interests can thereby narrow options for smallholders and undermine the development of adaptive capacities (Brooks, 2014). Maize produced or stored under adverse conditions can be contaminated with toxic mycotoxins from fungi (e.g. The scale and context of analysis clearly influences the R&D implications and their granularity. Compared with flat die . FAO & CIMMYT, Rome. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1779574, Brookes, G., & Dinh, T. X. Agri-food systems thereby play a pivotal role towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, Fanzo et al., 2021; HLPE, 2017). Small farms (<2ha) predominate (84%) among global farms (Lowder et al., 2021). Of the rest of the produce, 13% is used as livestock feed and food purpose each, 12% for industrial purposes, 14% in starch industry, 7% as processed food and 6% for export and other purposes. Herbicide tolerant maize (based on glyphosate tolerance) has generated the second highest benefits for maize to date (again primarily in the USA, followed by Argentina and Brazil), primarily linked to cost savings but also associated with yield gains in the Global South (Brookes & Barfoot, 2020). aflatoxins) with adverse health impacts for humans (and animals) consuming contaminated maize-based food (and feeds -Loy & Lundy, 2019; Miller, 2008; Munkvold et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2013). Maize is also processed to produce oils for cooking. Economic Assessment of GM Corn Use in the Philippines. Four basic steps to producing animal food Receive raw ingredients Feed mills receive raw ingredients from suppliers. This exacerbates soil organic carbon losses and land degradation, expands the agricultural frontier and potentially encroaches onto fragile ecosystems (Pelletier et al., 2020). United Kingdom). Maize in non-traditional maize growing areas in South Asia are a case in point. In Asia, where rice is the major staple crop, the corresponding increase was still some 4kg (Fig. At the same time there are dynamics to consider, the nutrition transition being a case in point. http://www.fao.org/faostat, Frelat, R., Lopez-Ridaura, S., Giller, K. E., Herrero, M., Douxchamps, S., Djurfeldt, A. The grain of GM-maize is also not easily distinguishable, but widely used in some of the big maize exporters (Cabrera-Ponce et al., 2019). temperate or tropical; short or long season) and the relevance of associated traits (e.g. Global Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins in Maize and Peanuts: Are Regulatory Standards Adequately Protective? Early isotopic evidence for maize as a staple grain in the Americas. How Feed is Made - AFIA Maize is now the second most widely grown GM crop globally (32% of GM area, after soybean with 48% and ahead of cotton and canola), with some 61Mha (31% of maize areaISAAA, 2019). 2, Fig. Constructing Livelihoods in Rural Mexico: Milpa in Mayan Culture. Food Security, 3, 307327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03773-7, Prasanna, B. M., Huesing, J. E., Eddy, R., & Peschke, V. M. (2010). Animal food is designed to compensate for nutrients and supplements that may be absent from an animals natural diets. For those countries without current values like Somalia, D.R. Beat the stress: Breeding for climate resilience in maize for the tropical rainfed environments. In sum, maize is a versatile multi-purpose crop; although primarily used as feed globally, it continues to be an important food crop in SSA and Latin America, and also has several non-food uses globally.
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