shifting cultivation in agroforestry

Forest villages: an agroforestry approach to rehabilitating forest land degraded by shifting cultivation in Thailand. PENNY, D.H. & SINGARIMBUN. The affect of migratory tenant farming on food production in northern Iboland, Nigeria. 1970. Waters RF (1960) The nature of shifting cultivation. TORQUEBIAU, E. 1984, Man-made dipterocarp forest in Sumatra. A study of agrisilviculture potential in West Africa. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. In P.A. Ngambeki DS and Wilson GF (1984) Economic and On-Farm Evaluation of Alley Cropping with Leucaena Leucocephala. 1981. Agroforest Syst 90, 405416 (2016). Shifting cultivation is an important livelihood of human settlements in Amazon. Seedlings are growing well and average survival rates at more than 70%. Felker P and Bandurski, RJ (1979) Uses and potential uses of leguminous trees for minimal energy input agriculture. The planting of fertility-enhancing trees is one case where crops may actually benefit from association with trees. Nye PH and Greenland DJ (1960) The Soil Under Shifting Cultivation. SALISBURY, R.F. Shifting cultivation - Wikipedia In Kakamega all trees are owned by men, and there are strong cultural prohibitions against the planting and felling of trees by women. Benneh G (1972) Systems of agriculture in tropical Africa. WEBER, F. & HOSKINS, M. 1983, Agroforestry in the Sahel. 1981. The ecological problems posed by the dry regions of the tropics make the integration of trees into land-use systems especially imperative and, at the same time, rather more difficult to achieve than in the wetter zones. Kang and G.F. Wilson Soil Scientist and Agronomist, respectively . Agroforestry Systems, 1 (1): 3-6. your institution. Devin Adair, New York. In this connection, the under-exploited potential of the palms is so striking as to deserve special mention (Johnson, 1983). Shifting Cultivation and Taungya | SpringerLink 05 Jun 2023 09:42PM. Washington, World Resources Institute. Institut fr Landwirtschafliche Betriebslehre, Gttingen. International Tree Crops Journal, 2 (3/4): 217-244. The Apulia Regenerative Cotton Project will focus on the development of agroforestry-based cotton production. 4th edition. Cambridge University Press. Suva, Fiji, Univ. Lazier J, Getahun A and Velez, M (1982) The integration of livestock production in Agro-forestry.In: LH MacDonald (ed).Agro-forestry in the African Humid Tropics. 1216 December. Strategies and Designs for Afforestation, Reforestation and Tree Planting. Nath, T.K., Jashimuddin, M., Kamrul Hasan, M. et al. The transition to tree-crop-based systems is not equally feasible from all stages in the main sequence of intensification in tropical land use. Agroforestry should be a sustainable farming systems in Amazon. 1982. While trees may constitute an effective element in reducing disagreement between pastoralists and farmers, pastoralists are not well advised to wait for farmers to come to their rescue by planting trees. Included are 26 four-colour, computer-generated maps and a brief descriptive text in three languages (English, French and Spanish). International Tree Crops Journal 2(3/4): 217244. Allan W (1965) The African Husbandman. Mixed farming systems. VERMEER, D.E. 1980, Agroforestry research: the value of existing data appraisal. J.B. Raintree. Greenland DJ (1974) Evolution and development of different types of shifting cultivation.In: Shifting Cultivation and Soil Conservation in Africa. Agroforestry pathways: Land tenure, shifting cultivation and sustainable agriculture. 29 January-1 February. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Raintree, J.B., Warner, K. Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation. Nairobi, ICRAF. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Unesco, UNEP and FAO (1978) Tropical Forest Ecosystems. RAINTREE, J.B. & WARNER. At the same time, agroforestry design aims to improve the existing system by providing food agriculture directions based on physical, economic, and socio-cultural conditions. FAO/WORLD BANK. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London. Soils research in agroforestry Nairobi, ICRAF. In Draft resources for agroforestry diagnosis and design. The recent development of the shifting cultivation system in Yunnan, Southwest China demonstrates how local peoples hybridize elements of the traditional shifting cultivation and the new agriculture and forestry technologies as a new and dynamic rotational agroforestry system for economic development without losing the natural resource base. Les jachres en Afrique tropicale. Munich, Weltforum Verlag. Ann. 1983, An economic analysis of a simulated alley cropping system for semi-arid conditions using microcomputers. Agroforestry Systems, 2 (3): 215-228. HUXLEY, P.A. WIERSUM, K.F. Shifting cultivation of rice, maize, cassava or other annual or biennial crops covers approximately 280 million hectares across the tropics, particularly in proximity to forest frontiers in Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, Pacific islands and Latin America (Heinimann et al., 2017 ). Am Econ Rev 83:396402, Bhat BP, Singha LB, Satapathy KK, Sharma YP, Bujarbaruah KM (2010) Rehabilitation of shifting cultivation areas through agroforestry: a case study in Eastern Himalaya, India. Taungya practices in Togo, by O. Nadjombe. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Washington, World Resources Institute. Agro-forestry in the African Humid Tropics. LUNDGREN, B. Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in Northern Thailand. JOHNSON, D.V. MHUNGU, J.A. Deforestation or tree cover loss (2.07 M ha) from 2001 to 2021, intensive rainfall (>7.5 mm ha 1 ), uncontrolled grazing (5.65 M ha), indiscriminate use of fertilizers (32 MT year 1 ), and shifting cultivation (7.6 M ha) are other major factors that further aggravate the process of land degradation. - 173.212.237.43. The aim of this study is to assess the intake of these foods by children, their relative contribution to overall macronutrient intake and their effects on health. Agroforestry Systems 1(3): 173188. 4. LAGEMANN, J. From centuries-old to modern agroforestry. National resources of miombo woodland and recent changes in agricultural and land-use practices. NAS, 1983, Agroforestry in the West African Sahel. Some considerations for agro-silviculture development in the shifting cultivation areas of Liberia. Ruthenberg H (1971) Farming Systems in the Tropics. Washington, D.C., US Agency for International Development. In H. Dupriez. The benefit-cost ratio for agricultural crops was 3:1. However, to cite the Masai example again, such pod-producing legumes as Acacia tortilis occur naturally on the open range in Masai territory and in some cases their exploitation is controlled by the local group - nowadays the group ranches. These would also be natural sites for the growing of supplemental fodder trees to meet dry-season feed requirements (Nambombe, 1984; Mhungu, 1984). 1964, Ethnic groups of mainland Southeast Asia. Reg Stud 46:10231039, Matata PZ, Masolwa LW, Ruvuga S, Bagarama FM (2013) Dissemination pathways for scaling-up agroforestry technologies in western Tanzania. Agroforestry System 2(3): 215228. Nairobi, ICRAF. In this context, we propose linking AFS to Reducing Emissions from Deforestationand forest Degradation (REDD+ strategies) in shifting cultivation landscapes where there is high local-scale expansion and intensification of SC. As a system of land use which entails the deliberate association of trees with herbaceous field crops in time, shifting cultivation is one of the most ancient, widespread and, until recently, ecologically stable forms of agroforestry. The article analyzes the process by which Romanian immigrants to the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) return to their country. Farming systems in the tropics. 1981, Innovations in agriculture incorporating traditional production methods: the case of Amarasi (Timor). In the final, increasingly labour intensive stages, the installed green manure "fertilizer factories" can be maintained in place while additional upper-storey trees and intercropping practices are introduced to accommodate higher population densities; in other words, multistorey intercropping. Possibly not, since, for example, boundaries per se might be a source of dispute, and trees planted on degraded or "underutilized" lands in the general landscape might arouse the concerns of those currently enjoying gathering or grazing rights there. Normally the neighbours were allowed to shake the trees, causing more pods to fall to the ground for their animals, but as the drought became more serious, the right to the pods was restricted to those that fell to the ground naturally. Human Relations Area Files Press, New Haven. On the basis of a combination of participants preferences and expert opinion, crop combinations were selected and agri-horti-silvicultural agroforestry systems developed. Causes and consequences of shifting cultivation and its - CIFOR University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Multipurpose trees, particularly the nitrogen-fixing species so well adapted to dryland conditions, offer several advantages over herbaceous sources of organic matter, nitrogen and fodder. Ottawa, International Development Research Centre. WEINSTOCK, J.A. Biological Husbandry: A Scientific Approach to Organic Farming. Google Scholar, Pretty J, Toulmin C, Williams S (2011) Sustainable intensification in African agriculture. CNN en Espaol to Shift Production Operations to Mexico City - Adweek Farmers in the forest: economic development and marginal agriculture in Northern Thailand. Simpson, ed. 1985, Energy for biomass and biomass for energy: a development-oriented view. Agroforestry in the African humid tropics. US Agency for International Development. Nairobi, ICRAF. Agroforestry Systems, 1 (4): 299-312. Agroforestry Systems 2(2): 103128. In L.H. 1984, Intercropping under coconuts in Sri Lanka. A. New Haven, Human Relations Area Files Press. Introduction. In Java, where various tree-garden types exist in a mosaic with wet rice paddies and rainfed arable crops (Penny and Singarimbun, 1973; Wiersum, 1982; Hunink and Stoffers, 1984), home gardens may provide more than 20 percent of household income and 40 percent of household caloric requirements (Stoler, 1978). 1978, Swidden cultivation in Southeast Asia: historical, ecological, and economic perspectives. Boserup E (1981) Population and Technology. Geogr., 60 (2): 299-314. Sierra Leone: Forestry Development Project preparation report. Dept of Economics, Ithaca, New York. Pacific Viewpoint, 15: 30-48. CONKLIN, H.C. 1957, Hanunoo agriculture. Shifting cultivation systems or swidden agriculture or slash and burn agriculture denote agricultural practices undertaken through a dynamic cycle of rotational farming, primarily in the tropical regions and countries that hold global importance for their biodiversity and carbon sequestration ( Das et al., 2021, ; Mertz, 2009 ). To satisfy such contrasting interests the use of appropriately selected multipurpose trees might be advisable. Some Masai households in the "group ranches" are beginning to experiment with crop production in small, thorn-fenced gardens near the bomas. Paper presented at the Workshop on Agroforestry in the African Humid Tropics, University of Ibadan. Working Paper No. From the pastoralist's point of view, the problem with such schemes is that they tend to represent yet another assault on traditional tenure rights, but is it really inconceivable that pastoral populations could participate in integrated plantation schemes? K. 1985, Agroforestry pathways for the integral development of shifting cultivation. Foley G and Barnard, G (1984) Farm and Community Forestry. FOREST TREES AMID BANANAS IN AMAZONIA a sound economic and environmental combination, WILL THEY HAVE RIGHTS TO LAND? Felker P (1978) State of the Art:Acacia albida as a Complementary Permanent intercrop with Annual Crops. In so far as they are oriented toward the development of small areas under the control of one or a small group of households, they would not seem to pose serious tenure difficulties. In this latter role, trees can be a partial substitute for livestock, whose main role in Africa is "savings on the hoof". It is a fact that such valuable rangeland trees as Prosopis spp., Acacia albida and other pod-producing legumes can be and often are propagated by livestock. RAINTREE, J.B. 1983, Plant arrangement considerations. Mollison B and Holmgren D (1981) Permaculture One: A Perennial Agriculture for Human Settlements. Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Center, Environment and Policy Institute. If the motivation exists, there is no reason why the scheme of intensification outlined here cannot be run "ahead of itself" to generate higher incomes for industrious rural families well in advance of population pressured necessity. 11. The point is that there might be some very simple technological fixes to some of the problems of the commons. Shifting cultivation and related slash-and-burn cultivation systems are still the dominant land-use systems in vast areas of the tropics. & CANNEL, G.H. The source of the data is an FAO assessment of tropical forests and the FAO/Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) assessment of forests in ECE member countries. Agroforestry research 3 Shifting cultivation is the dominant cropping system in the uplands and mountains of Lao P.D.R. ICRAF Nairobi. The term agroforestry was coined in the late 1970s, reflecting a significant change in agricultural development . Washington, DC. R.J. 1979, Uses and potential uses of leguminous trees for minimal energy input agriculture. In World wood, p. 22-23. London. Abidjan, Centre d'Adiopodoum, Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer. 1985, Agroforestry potential for biomass production in integrated land use systems. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. One prominent conclusion is that shifting cultivation evolves into an agroforestry system during the latter period of the cropping cycle, and during the early years of forest fallow. This is largely explained by the fact, according to Lagemann's figures, that the output from compound gardens is five to ten times greater in monetary terms than from the outfield plots. NAIR, P.K.R. RIS Send to email Shifting cultivation, which is still prevalent in the uplands of eastern Bangladesh, contributes significantly to forest loss and is the main cause of land degradation. Oxford University Press, for the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures. The reason for choosing a pod or other fruit-producing fodder species is that the utilization of this by-product need not reduce the eventual woody biomass harvest of the plantation; it could make a big difference in the carrying capacity of the range in dry season; and such a choice might make a great difference to the survival rate of the trees in pastoral areas. On-the-Job Training Programme Final Seminar Report. Boonkird SA, Fernandes, ECM and Nair, PKR (1984) Forest villages: an agroforestry approach to rehabilitating forest land degraded by shifting cultivation in Thailand. PDF Agroforestry and Shifting Cultivation in Liberia: Livelihood Impacts Clarenden Press, Oxford. International Symposium on Browse in Africa. 19801983 Activity Consolidated Report. Lanly JP (1983) The nature, extent and development problems associated with shifting cultivation in the tropics. An anthropological approach to social forestry: the study of indigenous agroforestry systems. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 11: 149174. NAMBOMBE, V. 1984, Diagnosis of agroforestry potentials in a pastoral system: Kiboko Group Ranch, Kajiado District, Kenya. VERIMUMBE, I., KNIPSCHEER, H.C. & ENABOR, E.E. FAO Forestry Development Paper No. Agroforestry Systems, 1: 85-100. Available at Website http://usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=FOREST_FORESTRY, van Vliet N, Mertz O, Heininimann A, Langanke T, Pascual U, Schmook B, Adams C, Schmidt-Vogt D, Messerli P, Leisz S, Castella J-C, Jrgensen L, Birch-Thomsen T, Hett C, Bech-Bruun T, Ickowitz A, Vum KC, Yasuyuki K, Fox J, Padoch C, Dressler W, Ziegler AD (2011) Trends, drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: a global assessment. 1976, & DE J. HART, R.A. Forest farming London, Watkins. Cornell Univ. Hum Ecol 36:357370, Li P, Feng Z, Jiang L, Liao C, Zhang J (2014) A Review of Swidden Agriculture in Southeast Asia. Paper presented at the 8th World Forestry Congress, Jakarta. Agroforestry pathways for the intensification of shifting cultivation TOSI, J.A., JR. & VOERTMAN R.F. Eder JF (1981) From grain crops to tree crops in the Cuyunon swidden system.In: H Olofson (ed). MacDonald, ed. Assessment of cultivation techniques and agroforestry systems on Raintree JB (1983) The concept of an optimal pathway of intensification.In: Draft Resources for Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design. Economic Geography 40(3): 189205. Longsman, London. The main constraint to the realization of these benefits is, of course, the need to restrict livestock access, often by social means, during the establishment phase of the trees. Another common situation is overgrazing around pastoral home areas in addition to the problems associated with the provision of feed to young and sick animals that are kept inside (B. Grandin, personal communication). Wiersum KF (1982) Tree gardening and taungya on Java: examples of agroforestry techniques in the humid tropics. Chapman and S. Babhasri, eds. BARRAU, J. MOLLISON, B. The new Circular Bioeconomy Alliance Living Lab is supported by the Armani Group and the Sustainable Markets Initiative's Fashion Task Force. FAO (1984b) Institutional Aspects of Shifting Cultivation in Africa FAO, Rome. 18. Unesco, Paris. Seth SK (1981) India and Sri Lanka agroforestry. Efforts to promote the adoption of agroforestry to improve shifting cultivation systems have been increasing. Tosi JA Jr and Voertman RF (1964) Some environmental factors in the economic development of the tropics. 1978, Garden use and household economy in rural Java. Since shifting cultivation is an indigenous form of agroforestry, scientific agroforestry is not, strictly speaking, an alternative to shifting cultivation, but rather a systematic approach to the . Government Office for Science London, London, Fox J, Castella J-C, Ziegler AD (2014) Swidden, rubber and carbon: can REDD+ work for people and the environment in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia? Our recent communication with three AF committee leaders reveals that more than 90% of participants are continuing practicing the agroforestry system. MacDonald, ed. Agroforestry - Food and Agriculture Organization They can be grown at interstitial locations on the farm or in association with crops without replacing them. Shifting cultivation is now considered a largely unsustainable type of agroecosystem because of declines in productivity that come with increasing population pressure, shortening of fallow periods and non-availability of alternative land. RAINTREE, J.B. & LUNDGREN B. The work is coordinated by the European Forest Institute (EFI) together with the Council for . & GREENLAND, D.J. Working Paper No. IITA Research Briefs 1(4): 57. The agri-silvicultural system in Nigeria. Conklin HC (1980) Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao: A Study of Environment, Culture and Society in Northern Luzon. Raintree JB (1983a) Strategies for enhancing the adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The Royal Society, London, Skytt CB, Winther L (2011) Trust and local knowledge production: inter-organisational collaborations in the Snderborg region, Denmark. Winters, California, International Tree Crops Institute. Agrisilviculture for production of wood and food crops in Ghana. Cornell International Agricultural Development Monograph No. Why not choose an energy tree from among several outstanding desert biomass producers that also happen to produce copious quantities of high-quality dry-season pods? Agrofor Syst 87:141158, Cairns M, Garrity DP (1999) Improving shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia by building on indigenous fallow management strategies. Prog Hum Geogr 30:427450, Nath TK, Inoue M, Chakma S (2005) Shifting cultivation (jhum) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: examining its sustainability, rural livelihood and policy implications. FAO/SIDA Forestry for Local Community Development Programme. 1977, Mesquite in Indian cultures of southwestern North America. Final project report. Man and Culture. Economic Botany 33: 172184. The sustainable intensification of agroforestry in shifting cultivation areas of Bangladesh. Mongi and P.A. GROSSMAN, D. 1974. Carniero RL (1960) Slash and burn agriculture: a closer look at its implications for settlement patterns.In: AFC Wallace (ed). geogr. The planting of trees in "interstitial" locations within farms, along farm boundaries and internal borders, or along roadsides, watercourses, and on wasted or underutilized lands in the general landscape, offers a special opportunity for supplementary production. Expert Consultation on the Education, Training and Extension Aspects of Shifting Cultivation, 1216 December. JEAN, S. 1975. & MUSGRAVE, J.K. eds. Ibadan, Nigeria, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Agroforestry pathways: Land tenure, shifting cultivation and 1962, From stone to steel. 1981. Agro-forestry in the African Humid Tropics. OLAWOYE, O.O. Agboola AA, Wilson, GF Getahun, A and Yamoah, CF (1982) Gliricidia sepium: a possible means to sustained cropping.In: LH McDonald (ed). The Masai olopololi is a dry-season grazing reserve maintained jointly by several households for such animals in the vicinity of their residential bomas (enclosures providing protection against wild animals). Econ. access via The project funding period ended in June 2014. EARL, D.E. La culture traditionnelle dans le sud-ouest de la Cte-d'Ivoire (rgion de Tai): le systme Oubi confront aux pratiques agricoles des Baouls immigrs. P.K.R. RAINTREE, J.B. 1983. & LAL, R. 1979, Soil fertility maintenance and conservation for improved Agroforestry Systems of the lowland humid tropics. The investment requirements associated with the former imply the need for security of tenure over the trees, and the latter implies land-use conflict over customary grazing rights. The term shifting cultivation has been applied to a wide range of cropping systems; here, following FAO convention, it refers to "a system in which relatively short periods of continuous cultivation are followed by relatively long periods of fallow" (FAO/University of Ibadan, 1982). In P. Kunstadter, E.C. Correspondence to Efforts to promote the adoption of agroforestry to improve shifting cultivation systems have been increasing. Providing that ways can be found to solve tenure problems, the integration of trees into land-use systems in the dry zones offers a number of possibilities for improving the linkage between agricultural and pastoral elements of the economies of these areas, both within and between management units. VERGARA, N.T. Approximately 300.000 families (Souvanthong 1995), equal to about 1.8 million people or forty percent of the population, are engaged in shifting cultivation. METZNER, J. In B.B. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Gockowski J, Tchatat M, Dondjang JP, Hietet G, Fouda T (2010) An empirical analysis of the biodiversity and economic returns to cocoa agroforests in southern Cameroon. BROOKMAN-AMISSAH, J. Farming Systems Program. OLOFSON, H. 1982. Gourou P (1966) The Tropical World. Paper presented for the Workshop in Conservation Farming, Colombo, 17-23 Jan. 1983. Farnham Royal, UK, Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux. A review of evolutionary typologies of shifting cultivation gives rise to a framework for the identification of agroforestry interventions and development pathways appropriate to specific systems. New Delhi, Ford Foundation. Horticultural tree crops for cash purposes are extensively planted by small landholders as an outgrowth of shifting cultivation in many parts of the world, notably the oil palm, cacao, coffee and cola nut plantations of West Africa, covering as much as 67 percent of the land in southern Nigeria (Getahun, Wilson and Kang, 1982); and the coconut, rubber, oil-palm, cacao and coffee plantations of smallholders in Southeast Asia (Pelzer, 1978; Nair, 1979; Liyanage, Tejwani and Nair, 1984; and Dove, 1983). Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Shifting cultivation is a form of agriculture or a cultivation system, in which, at any particular point in time, a minority of 'fields' are in cultivation and a majority are in various stages of natural re-growth. Interstitial tree planting. In the Kakamega District in western Kenya, for example, it is irrelevant where a barbed wire fence is located since the boundaries of a farm are always judged by the location of the obligatory Euphorbia tirucali hedge. 1980, The development of agroforestry in the Sahelian zone of Africa. Utrecht Univ., Utrecht. Working Paper No. Land labour and diet in Northern Rhodesia: an economic study of the Bemba tribe. J Rural Stud 32:114125, Kusters K, Perez MR, de Foresta H, Dietz T, Ros-Tonen M, Belcher B, Manalu P, Nawir A, Wollenberg E (2008) Will agroforests vanish? RAINTREE, J.B. 1983b, The concept of an optimal pathway of intensification. Mmoire de l'Institut d'ethnologie N 14. Land Degrad Dev 14:495508, Roots and Wings International (RWI) 2012 Community participation for development. J Environ Manag 86:201213, Sultana P, Thompson P (2008) Gender and local floodplain management institutions: a case study from Bangladesh. United Nations University, Tokyo. In the Central Highlands of Kenya, there are men's trees (timber, cash-crop) and women's trees (fuelwood, fodder, subsistence). HILL, P. 1963. Moreover, the trees themselves, properly selected and managed for multiple benefits, may provide the means of resolving or at least mitigating some of the most prominent tenure conflicts.
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